Orofacial Myofunctional Therapy

 

What are orofacial myofunctional disorders?

Orofacial myofunctional disorders (OMDs) are patterns involving oral and orofacial musculature that interfere with normal growth, development, or function of orofacial structures, or call attention to themselves (Mason, n.d.A). OMDs can be found in children, adolescents, and adults. OMDs can co-occur with a variety of speech and swallowing disorders. OMD may reflect the interplay of learned behaviors, physical/structural variables, genetic and environmental factors (Maspero, Prevedello, Giannini, Galbiati, & Farronato, 2014).

Common signs and symptoms

  • Articulation problems

  • Dental abnormalities

  • Drooling and poor oral control, specifically past the age of 2 years

  • Mouth breathing

  • Open mouth posture

  • Orthodontic issues

  • Picky eating habits

  • Problems with chewing and swallowing

  • Sleep issues

  • Teeth grinding/TMD Finger/Thumb/Tongue sucking

  • Tongue thrust (abnormal tongue rest posture)

  • Tethered Oral Tissues (tongue or lip tie)

Causes of OMDs

No single cause of orofacial myofunctional disorders has been identified. Causes seem to be multifactorial. Anything that causes the tongue to be misplaced at rest limits lingual excursions within the oral cavity, makes it difficult to achieve acceptable lip closure, and reduces or impedes the ability to obtain and maintain correct oral rest postures leading to an OMD. That said, common causes include:

  • Airway obstructions (deviated septum, large adenoids/tonsils)

  • Craniofacial abnormalities

  • Improper/Extended use of pacifiers (past 12 months) and sippy cups

  • Oral habits such as finger/thumb sucking

  • Structural anomalies

  • Neurological deficits

How are OMDs assessed and treated?

Assessment of orofacial myofunctional disorders has many possible aspects, which often require an integrated team approach. The orofacial myologist (SLP, OT, RDH, DDS) should refer and collaborate with other professionals who may include one or more of the following: Allergist, Dentist, Oral surgeon Orthodontist, Otolaryngologist, Sleep Doctor, Physician, Physical therapist, Osteopath, Cranial Sacral Therapist, Chiropractor.